コイネーギリシャ語の基礎 - 目次
総論
The base text for this site is Nestle 1904 Greek New testament, which can be found here.
Eberhard Nestle, Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. Text with Critical Apparatus. (British and Foreign Bible Society, 1904).
テキストの変形
Over the centuries, copies of the Greek New Testament have contained variations in the text for various reasons. The discovery of older manuscripts, found even as recently as the mid 20th century, gives a clearer view of what how original texts were written and have allowed for textual critics to compile more accurate editions of the New Testament. As there are a large number of variations from the base text (NA 1904) used on this site, it became necessary to annotate and mark these variations to give the reader access to a more accurate rendering of the text.
The cases in which these annotations are made are as follows:
•Words or phrases that are not present in the base text (NA 1904) but are present in most ancient texts.
This text is contained inside brackets, such as { Ἰησοῦς } and will most often be accompanied by a brief note which can be read by clicking the icon. Most notes have a link to a corresponding page on the Center for New Testament Restoration site, which outlines the most notable extant Greek manuscripts produced before the 4th century. This can be used to compare the earliest known manuscripts and the base text. Most variations are not significant, but some can change the nuance and even the implication of the text.
•Words or phrases that are found in the base text (NA 1904) but are absent in most ancient texts.
Text that is omittid in most ancient manuscripts will also be showin in brackets, often with a note. However, if a text is dubious, it will be italicized, such as { Ἰησοῦς }. If a text is extremely questionable, it will be italicized and opaqe: { Ἰησοῦς }. Links to the CNTR page of the corresponding verse will also be provided to allow the reader to study further.
•Words or phrases that have different forms, spellings, or ordering in the (NA 1904) as compared to the most ancient manuscripts.
In all major manuscripts, there are many words that have different written styles from "standard" koine Greek, for example; words with "ει" being shortened to "ι" or "ο" and "ω" being used interchangably. In these cases, a note will be made showing the standard spelling.
Other similar cases include words that have different ordering in some manuscripts. As with the spelling differences, these don't change the meaning of the text. However, to show the most accurate reading, these phrases will be shown with an arrow between them and an accompanying note, such as: υἱοὶ ⇄ θεοῦ. Similar cases include separated words in the base text that are a single compound word in others. These will be marked with a joining arrow symbol, such as: κάτω ⥈ κύψας. Likewise, words that are joined in the base text but separated in others will be noted.
As the early manuscripts didn't have chapter numbers or breaks that are standard in today's bibles, some verse breaks may vary from other critical texts. These will also be noted with either brackets or an asterisk * with a note.
Some variations are quite important, such as different words (ex: ἡμᾶς and ὑμᾶς). Please refer to the notes and corresponding CNTR page for further study.
文法の略語
|
品詞 |
|
人称 時制 現 - 現在 法 直 - 直説法
|
態 能 - 能動態 格 主 - 主格 数 単 - 単数 男 - 男性 比 - 比較 |
ギリシャ語の格変化
ギリシャ語の格変化
格変化
コイネギリシア語は屈折言語で、名詞・形容詞・代名詞・指示詞などは格変化の語尾により文法的な関係性を表現します。5つの格は主格・属格・与格・対格・呼格です。
冠詞
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | ὁ | οἱ | 主格(は) | ἡ | αἱ | 主格(は) | τό | τά |
| 属格(の) | τοῦ | τῶν | 属格(の) | τῆς | τῶν | 属格(の) | τοῦ | τῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | τῷ | τοῖς | 与格(に/で) | τῇ | ταῖς | 与格(に/で) | τῷ | τοῖς |
| 対格(を) | τόν | τούς | 対格(を) | τήν | τάς | 対格(を) | τό | τά |
代名詞
| 1人称 | 単数 | 複数 | 2人称 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | ἐγώ | ἡμεἶς | 主格(は) | σύ | ὑμεῖς |
| 属格(の) | ἐμοῦ/μοὖ | ἡμὦν | 属格(の) | σοῦ/σου | ὑμῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | ἐμοί/μοί | ἡμἶν | 与格(に/で) | σοί/σοι | ὑμῖν |
| 対格(を) | ἐμέ/μέ | ἡμἆς | 対格(を) | σέ/σε | ὑμᾶς |
代名詞 -3人称
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | αὐτός | αὐτοί | 主格(は) | αὐτή | αὐταί | 主格(は) | αὐτό | αὐτά |
| 属格(の) | αὐτοῦ | αὐτῶν | 属格(の) | αὐτῆς | αὐτῶν | 属格(の) | αὐτοῦ | αὐτῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | αὐτῷ | αὐτοῖς | 与格(に/で) | αὐτῇ | αὐταῖς | 与格(に/で) | αὐτῷ | αὐτοῖς |
| 対格(を) | αὐτόν | αὐτούς | 対格(を) | αὐτήν | αὐτάς | 対格(を) | αὐτό | αὐτά |
第1格変化
| 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 男性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | -η/α | -αι | 主格(は) | -ης | -οι |
| 属格(の) | -ης/ας | -ῶν | 属格(の) | -ου | -ων |
| 与格(に/で) | -ῃ/ᾳ | -αις | 与格(に/で) | -ῃ | -αις |
| 対格(を) | -ην/αν | -ας | 対格(を) | -ην | -ας |
第2格変化
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | -ος | -οι | 主格(は) | -ον | -α |
| 属格(の) | -ου | -ων | 属格(の) | -ου | -ων |
| 与格(に/で) | -ῳ | -οις | 与格(に/で) | -ῳ | -οις |
| 対格(を) | -ον | -ους | 対格(を) | -ον | -α |
第3格変化
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | -ς | -ες | 主格(は) | -ς | -ες | 主格(は) | - | -α |
| 属格(の) | -ος | -ων | 属格(の) | -ος | -ων | 属格(の) | -ος | -ων |
| 与格(に/で) | -ι | -σι | 与格(に/で) | -ι | -σι | 与格(に/で) | -ι | -σι |
| 対格(を) | -α | -ας | 対格(を) | -α | -ας | 対格(を) | - | -α |
関係代名詞
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | ὅς | οἵ | 主格(は) | ἥ | αἵ | 主格(は) | ὅ | ἅ |
| 属格(の) | οὗ | ὧν | 属格(の) | ἧς | ὧν | 属格(の) | οὗ | ὧν |
| 与格(に/で) | ᾧ | οἷς | 与格(に/で) | ᾗ | αἷς | 与格(に/で) | ᾧ | οἷς |
| 対格(を) | ὅν | οὕς | 対格(を) | ἥν | ἅς | 対格(を) | ὅ | ἅ |
不定代名詞
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | τις | τινές | 主格(は) | τις | τινές | 主格(は) | τι | τινά |
| 属格(の) | τινός | τινῶν | 属格(の) | τινός | τινῶν | 属格(の) | τινός | τινῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | τινί | τισί | 与格(に/で) | τινί | τισί | 与格(に/で) | τινί | τισί |
| 対格(を) | τινά | τινάς | 対格(を) | τινά | τινάς | 対格(を) | τι | τινά |
指示代名詞 (これ・これら)
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | οὗτος | οὗτοι | 主格(は) | αὗται | αὐταί | 主格(は) | τοῦτο | ταῦτα |
| 属格(の) | τούτου | τούτων | 属格(の) | ταύτης | τούτων | 属格(の) | τούτου | τούτων |
| 与格(に/で) | τούτῳ | τούτοις | 与格(に/で) | ταύτῃ | ταύταις | 与格(に/で) | τούτῳ | τούτοις |
| 対格(を) | τοῦτον | τούτους | 対格(を) | ταύτην | ταύτας | 対格(を) | τοῦτο | ταῦτα |
指示代名詞 (あれ・あれら)
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | ἐκεῖνος | ἐκεῖνοι | 主格(は) | ἐκείνη | ἐκεῖναι | 主格(は) | ἐκεῖνο | ἐκεῖνα |
| 属格(の) | ἐκείνου | ἐκείνων | 属格(の) | ἐκείνης | ἐκείνων | 属格(の) | ἐκείνου | ἐκείνων |
| 与格(に/で) | ἐκείνῳ | ἐκείνοις | 与格(に/で) | ἐκείνῃ | ἐκείναις | 与格(に/で) | ἐκείνῳ | ἐκείνοις |
| 対格(を) | ἐκεῖνον | ἐκείνους | 対格(を) | ἐκείνην | ἐκείνας | 対格(を) | ἐκεῖνο | ἐκεῖνα |
不定関係代名詞
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | ὅστις | οἵτινες | 主格(は) | ἥτις | αἵτινες | 主格(は) | ὅ τι | ἅτινα |
| 属格(の) | οὗτινος | ὧντινων | 属格(の) | ἧστινος | ὧντινων | 属格(の) | οὗτινος | ὧντινων |
| 与格(に/で) | ᾧτινι | οἷστισι | 与格(に/で) | ᾗτινι | αἷστισι | 与格(に/で) | ᾧτινι | οἷστισι |
| 対格(を) | ὅντινα | οὕστινας | 対格(を) | ἥντινα | ἅστινας | 対格(を) | ὅ τι | ἅτινα |
再帰代名詞 -1人称
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | - | - | 主格(は) | - | - |
| 属格(の) | ἐμαυτοῦ | ἑαυτῶν | 属格(の) | ἐμαυτῆς | ἑαυτῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | ἐμαυτῷ | ἑαυτοῖς | 与格(に/で) | ἐμαυτῇ | ἑαυταῖς |
| 対格(を) | ἐμαυτόν | ἑαυτούς | 対格(を) | ἐμαυτήν | ἑαυτάς |
再帰代名詞 -2人称
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | - | - | 主格(は) | - | - |
| 属格(の) | σεαυτοῦ | ἑαυτῶν | 属格(の) | ἐμαυτῆς | ἑαυτῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | σεαυτῷ | ἑαυτοῖς | 与格(に/で) | ἐμαυτῇ | ἑαυτοῖς |
| 対格(を) | σεαυτόν | ἑαυτούς | 対格(を) | ἐμαυτήν | ἑαυτούς |
再帰代名詞 -3人称
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 | 中性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | - | - | 主格(は) | - | - | 主格(は) | - | - |
| 属格(の) | ἑαυτοῦ | ἑαυτῶν | 属格(の) | ἑαυτῆς | ἑαυτῶν | 属格(の) | ἑαυτοῦ | ἑαυτῶν |
| 与格(に/で) | ἑαυτῷ | ἑαυτοῖς | 与格(に/で) | ἑαυτῇ | ἑαυταῖς | 与格(に/で) | ἑαυτῷ | ἑαυτοῖς |
| 対格(を) | ἑαυτόν | ἑαυτούς | 対格(を) | ἑαυτήν | ἑαυτάς | 対格(を) | ἑαυτό | ἑαυτά |
相互代名詞
| 男性 | 単数 | 複数 | 女性 | 単数 | 複数 |
| 主格(は) | - | - | 主格(は) | - | - |
| 属格(の) | - | ἀλλήλων | 属格(の) | - | ἀλλήλων |
| 与格(に/で) | - | ἀλλήλοις | 与格(に/で) | - | ἀλλήλαις |
| 対格(を) | - | ἀλλήλους | 対格(を) | - | ἀλλήλας |
ギリシャ語の動詞
ギリシャ語の動詞 - 目次
数と人称
数 - This is what determines whether a verb is singular or plural.
人称 - This is what determines whether the subject is the speaker (first person), is being spoken to (second person) or being spoken about (third person).
| 数 | 単数 | 複数 | |
| 人称 | 1人称 | 私 | 私たち |
| 2人称 | あなた | あなたがた | |
| 3人称 | 彼、彼女、それ | 彼ら | |
時制
Tense deals both with time and kind of action. Ancient Greek focused more on the latter of these aspects (that is, kind of action); however, time does play a role in verb tense when the mood is indicative. (The four moods are explained below).
The aspect of a verb correlates with the kind of action. It determines whether the verb's action is punctiliar, linear or perfected. These are described in the following table.
| 瞬間的 |  |
瞬間的な動作を表します。 |
| 線形的 |  |
発生中の動作を表します。 |
| 完了的 |  |
動作がすでに完了された、その結果が現在も継続している状態。 |
現在 - The present tense can either be continuous/ongoing or undefined. The continuous present is usually translated as "I am loosing" while the undefined is best translated as "I loosen." When the present is used with the indicative mood it denotes present time.
| 例: ヤコブ 2:19 |
| σὺ πιστεύεις ὅτι εἷς ἐστιν ὁ θεός |
| あなたは、神がひとりだと信じている。 |
アオリスト - This tense is hardly a tense at all. It describes indefinite or undefined action. The word aoristos derives from an alpha privative (ie. negation) and the verb horizô (meaning "to bound") thus meaning "without boundaries". [2] With the indicative mood it is often best translated as a simple past: "I loosed."
| 例: ヨハネ 2:11 |
| καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ |
| そして彼の弟子達は彼へと信じた。 |
未来 - This tense generally denotes action that will occur in the future. This is best translated as "I will loose."
| 例: ヨハネ 3:12 |
| πῶς ἐὰν εἴπω ὑμῖν τὰ ἐπουράνια πιστεύσετε |
| もしあなた達に天上的な事々を言ったとして、 あなた達はか信じるだろうか。 |
未完了 - The action of the imperfect tense is very similar to that of the present tense. It represents continuous or reoccuring action in the past time (when used with the indicative). This is best translated as "I was loosing."
| 例: マルコ 1:35 |
| καὶ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς ἔρημον τόπον κἀκεῖ προσηύχετο |
| そして荒れた場所へと来離れた、そしてそこで祈っていた。 |
現在完了 - Action that has been completed in the past yet has results occurring in the present are expressed by the perfect tense. The perfect is often translated as "I have loosened."
| 例: 1 ヨハネ 4:16 |
| καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐγνώκαμεν καὶ πεπιστεύκαμεν τὴν ἀγάπην ἣν ἔχει ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν |
| そして私たちは、神が私たちのうちに抱いている愛を知っ てそして信じてしまっている。 |
過去完了 - The pluperfect has the same aspect as the perfect, yet it's time is farther removed into the past than that of the perfect. Both the completed action and the results of that action occur in the past. It also represents action that is complete and viewed from a point in the past time. [3] The usual translation for the pluperfect is "I had loosened."
| 例: 使徒の働き 14:23 |
| παρέθεντο αὐτοὺς τῷ κυρίῳ εἰς ὃν πεπιστεύκεισαν |
| 彼らが 信じてしまっていた 方へと 、彼らを主に置いた |
態
聖書のギリシャ語には３つの態があります。能動態、中動態、と受動態:
能動態 - This occurs when the action of the verb is being performed by the subject.
中動態 - When the subject of the verb does action unto itself, or for its own benefit, the middle voice is used.
受動態 - The passive represents the action of the verb being done unto the subject but not by the subject.
法
ギリシャ語には４つの法があります。They demonstrate the relationship between the action of the verb and reality. They denote whether the action is factual, potential, wishful, or a command.
直説法 - This is the mood of assertion or presentation of certainty. The indicative mood is the only one to give designation concerning time (past, present, and future). The majority of all verbs used in the New Testament occur in the indicative mood.
接続法 - This is the mood of probability or desirability. It, however, has many usages and this is only a general definition.
希求法 - The optative has relatively few appearences in the New Testament because—by the time the New Testament was written—the subjunctive has taken over some of the classical usages of it. Some of its usages include, a wish/prayer or a potential statement. Mounce states that the optative is two steps away from reality whereas the subjunctive is only one step away.
命令法 - This mood is reserved for the indication of commands.
不定詞
An infinitive is a verbal noun. Neither person nor number are found in the infinitive and it does not have mood designation. It is best translated, "to loose."
ギリシア語の動詞活用/語形変化
| 態能動態中動態受動態 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 法 | 直説法 | 命令法 | 接続法 | 不定詞 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 時制 | 現在 | 未来 | 未完了 | アオリスト | 現在完了 | 過去完了 | 現在 | アオリスト | 現在 | アオリスト | 現在 | アオリスト | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1人称単 (私は) |
-ω | -σω | ὲ-ον | ὲ-σα | 反復-κα | (ἑ)反復-κειν | --- | --- | -ω | -σω | -ειν | -σαι | -ομαι | -σομαι | ὲ-ομην | ὲ-σαμην | 反復-μαι | (ἑ)反復-μην | --- | --- | -ωμαι | -σωμαι | -εσθαι | -σασθαι | -ομαι | -σομαι | ὲ-ομην | ὲ-θην | 反復-μαι | (ἑ)反復-μην | --- | --- | -ωμαι | -σωμαι | -εσθαι | -σασθαι |
| 2人称単 (あなたは) |
-εις | -σεις | ὲ-ες | ὲ-σας | 反復-κας | (ἑ)反復-κεις | -ε | -σον | -ῃς | -σῃς | --- | --- | -ῃ | -σῃ | ὲ-ου | ὲ-σω | 反復-σαι | (ἑ)反復-σο | -ου | -σαι | -ῃ | -σῃ | --- | --- | -ῃ | -σῃ | ὲ-ου | ὲ-θης | 反復-σαι | (ἑ)反復-σο | -ου | -σαι | -ῃ | -σῃ | --- | --- |
| 3人称単 (彼/彼女/それ)は |
-ει | -σει | ὲ-ε(ν) | ὲ-σε(ν) | 反復-κεν | (ἑ)反復-κει | -ετω | -σατω | -ῃ | -σῃ | --- | --- | -εται | -σεται | ὲ-ετο | ὲ-σατο | 反復-ται | (ἑ)反復-το | εσθω | -σασθω | -ῃται | -σηται | --- | --- | -εται | -σεται | ὲ-ετο | ὲ-θη | 反復-ται | (ἑ)反復-το | εσθω | -σασθω | -ῃται | -σηται | --- | --- |
| 1人称複 (私たちは) |
-ομεν | -σομεν | ὲ-ομεν | ὲ-σαμεν | 反復-καμεν | (ἑ)反復-κειμεν | --- | --- | -ωμεν | -σωμεν | --- | --- | -ομεθα | -σομεθα | ὲ-ομεθα | ὲ-σαμεθα | 反復-μεθα | (ἑ)反復-μεθα | --- | --- | -ωμεθα | -σωμεθα | --- | --- | -ομεθα | -σομεθα | ὲ-ομεθα | ὲ-θημεν | 反復-μεθα | (ἑ)反復-μεθα | --- | --- | -ωμεθα | -σωμεθα | --- | --- |
| 2人称複 (あなたたちは) |
-ετε | -σετε | ὲ-ετε | ὲ-σατε | 反復-κατε | (ἑ)反復-κειτε | -ετε | -σατε | -ητε | -σητε | --- | --- | -εσθε | -σεσθε | ὲ-εσθε | ὲ-σαμην | 反復-σθε | (ἑ)反復-σθε | -εσθε | -σασθε | -ησθε | -σησθε | --- | --- | -εσθε | -σεσθε | ὲ-εσθε | ὲ-θητε | 反復-σθε | (ἑ)反復-σθε | -εσθε | -σασθε | -ησθε | -σησθε | --- | --- |
| 3人称複 (彼ら/彼女ら/それら) |
-ουσι(ν) | -σουσι(ν) | ὲ-ον | ὲ-σαν | 反復-κασαν | (ἑ)反復-κεισαν | -ετωσαν | -σατωσαν | -ωσιν | -σωσιν | --- | --- | -ονται | -σονται | ὲ-οντο | ὲ-σαντο | 反復-νται | (ἑ)反復-ντο | -εσθωσαν | -σασθωσαν | -ωνται | -σωνται | --- | --- | -ονται | -σονται | ὲ-οντο | ὲ-θησαν | 反復-νται | (ἑ)反復-ντο | -εσθωσαν | -σασθωσαν | -ωνται | -σωνται | --- | --- |